Historical events
30 BC
Battle of Alexandria
In 30 BC, the pivotal Battle of Alexandria was fought between two Roman rivals, Mark Antony and Octavian (later known as Augustus). The battle occurred during the final stages of the civil war in the Roman Republic, following the defeat of the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra. Despite achieving a small victory over Octavian’s forces, Mark Antony’s army suffered major desertions, leading to his eventual defeat. This event cleared the way for Octavian’s invasion of Egypt, which led to the end of the Ptolemaic dynasty and the consolidation of power under Octavian, who would become the first Roman Emperor.
1498
Christopher Columbus explores Trinidad
In 1498, during his third voyage to the New World, Italian explorer Christopher Columbus discovered the island of Trinidad, located off the northeastern coast of South America. Columbus’s exploration of the island marked the first recorded European encounter with the indigenous inhabitants of Trinidad. Although Trinidad was originally claimed to be part of the Kingdom of Spain, permanent European settlement occurred only until later expeditions.
1620
Pilgrim fathers depart from Leiden to England
In 1620, a group of English Separatists known as the Pilgrim Fathers, living in Leiden, Netherlands, departed for England. They seek religious freedom and then board the Mayflower to the New World. The Pilgrims’ journey to America culminated in the founding of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Massachusetts. Their efforts to establish a self-governing community laid the groundwork for the development of democratic principles in American history.
1790
First US patent granted to Samuel Hopkins
On July 31, 1790, the United States granted the first patent to inventor Samuel Hopkins for his “potassium production process”. The patent system was established under the Patent Act of 1790, signed into law by President George Washington. This landmark event marked the beginning of the US patent system, which granted inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a limited time, encouraging innovation. innovation and creativity in the country.
1856
Christchurch, New Zealand is recognized as a city
On July 31, 1856, Christchurch, located on the east coast of New Zealand’s South Island, was officially recognized as a city. The settlement was founded in 1850 by English settlers of the Association of Canterbury, who sought to create a planned Anglican community. Christchurch’s charter marks its recognition as an important urban center in the emerging nation of New Zealand.
1940
The execution of Shaheed Udham Singh
On July 31, 1940, Indian freedom fighter Shaheed Udham Singh was executed in London for the assassination of Michael O’Dwyer, the former Deputy Governor of Punjab. Singh’s act of revenge was a response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 when British troops under O’Dwyer opened fire on unarmed Indian civilians, killing hundreds. Singh’s execution is considered a poignant symbol of resistance against British colonial rule in India.
1971
Operation Motorman in Northern Ireland
On 31 July 1971, the British Army launched Operation Motorman to regain control of the travel-free urban areas in Northern Ireland. These areas were controlled by paramilitary groups during the Troubles, a period of bitter conflict between nationalists and unionists. Operation Motorman was an important military operation and marked a turning point in the Northern Ireland conflict. British Army action resulted in the cessation of barricades and fortified areas, but potential tensions and violence persisted for years afterward.
Birthdays of notable characters
Munshi Premchand (1880-1936)
Born on 31 July 1880, Munshi Premchand is a famous Hindi writer and is considered one of the greatest Indian novelists of all time. He played an important role in shaping modern Hindi literature and brought attention to social issues prevalent in Indian society through his works. Some of his most popular novels include “Godan,” “Gaban,” and “Nirmala,” which continue to be celebrated for their insightful depictions of human emotions and the complexities of society.
Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi (1907-1966)
Born on 31 July 1907, Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi was an Indian sage known for his notable contributions to history, mathematics and astronomy. He was a pioneer historian specializing in ancient Indian history, and his works shed light on various aspects of Indian civilization and culture. In addition to his historical research, Kosambi made significant contributions to the field of mathematics and was a gifted mathematician. His multidisciplinary approach to academia has left a lasting impact on the academic fields in India.
Mohan Lal Sukhadia (1909-1982)
Born on July 31, 1909, Mohan Lal Sukhadia is a famous Indian politician who served as the Chief Minister of Rajasthan for a long time from 1954 to 1971. He was a visionary and influential leader. important role in the development and modernization of Rajasthan. during his term. Sukhadia’s contributions to the development and governance of the state earned him the respect and admiration of the people of Rajasthan.
Mumtaz (1947-1997)
Born on 31 July 1947, Mumtaz is a famous Indian actress who has left an indelible mark on the Bollywood film industry. She appeared in many successful and iconic films throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Mumtaz was known for her exceptional acting skills and graceful choreography, which earned her numerous awards. awards and titles. Her talent and captivating screen presence made her a beloved figure in Indian cinema and she continues to be remembered as one of the most gifted actresses of her time.
Anniversaries of notable figures
Ashutosh Das (1917-1996)
On July 31, we commemorate Ashutosh Das, an important figure in modern Bengali literature. The profound impact of Bengali poets and writers on the literary world continues to be celebrated. Through his evocative poetry and insightful writings, Das captured the essence of human emotions and social issues, leaving a lasting mark on Bengali literature.
Shripad Damodar Satwalekar (1928-1997)
On this day, we celebrate the death of Shripad Damodar Satwalekar, a famous Marathi writer. His novels and short stories have captivated readers with their compelling stories and exploration of human relationships and social norms. Satwalekar’s contributions to Marathi literature have earned him enduring admiration and recognition.
Muhammad Rafi (1922-1980)
Today marks the death anniversary of Muhammad Rafi, Pakistan’s iconic cover singer. His mesmerizing vocals and versatile singing style have earned him a reputation as one of the best cover singers of all time. Rafi’s soulful performances of various musical genres continue to fascinate music lovers all over the world and his legacy is still etched in the annals of Indian music history. .
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Categories: Optical Illusion
Source: pagasa.edu.vn